Chapter: 16 Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1)
When was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?
1780 AD:
2)
Where was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?
Badrukha or Gujranwala
3)
What was the name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's father?
Maha Singh
4)
What was the name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's grandfather?
Charhat Singh
5)
To which misl did Maharaja Ranjit Singh belong?
Shukkarchakkia
6)
What was the name of mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Raj Kaur
7)
What was the childhood name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Budh Singh
8)
At what age did Maharaja Ranjit Singh ascend to the throne?
12 year
9)
Who was Sada Kaur?
Maharaja Ranjit Singh'smother-in-law
10)
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh take over the charge of his Misl?
1797 AD
11)
What was the name of the capital of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Lahore
12)
Which was the first victory of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Lahore
13)
Who was ruling Lahore at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s invasion?
Bhangi Sardars
14)
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh annex Lahore?
1799 AD
15)
From whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh get the Jamjama cannon?
Mai Sukhan
16)
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singhconquer Attock?
1813 AD
17)
From whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock?
Jahandad Khan
18)
Who conquered the Multan for Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Misar Diwan Chand
19)
When was the battle of Zamraud fought?
1837 AD
20)
Which famous Sikh general was martyred in the battle of Jamraud?
Hari Singh Nalwa
21)
Which famous Sikh institution was abolished by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Gurmata
22)
In which battle was Akali Phula Singh martyred?
Naushehra
23)
When didMaharaja Ranjit Singh die?
1839 AD
24)
Who ascended the throne after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Kharak Singh
25)
From whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh get the famous diamond named Kohinoor?
Wafa Begum
26)
Who was Wafa Begum?
The Wife of Shah Shuja
27)
When was the Yousuf Ali Mission sent to the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
1800 AD
28)
When did Jaswant Rao Holkar come to Punjab to seek the help against the
British?
1805 AD
29)
When and where was the first treaty signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and
the British?
January 1, 1806, Lahore
30)
Who signed the Treaty of Lahore on behalf of the British?
John Malcolm
31)
Who signed the treaty of Lahore on behalf of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
32)
When was the Treaty of Amritsar Sahib signed?
April 25, 1809
33)
According to the treaty of Amritsar Sahib, which river was declared the boundary
of Maharaja Ranjit's kingdom?
Sutlej
34)
To whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh give the village of Vadni?
Sada Kaur
35)
Who was appointed the Political Agent of Ludhiana in 1823?
Captain Wade
36)
Which doctor was sent by British to treat Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Doctor Murray
37)
From which tribe did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Shikarpur?
Mayaris
38)
When was the tripartite treaty signed?
June 26, 1838
39)
Which three parties were involved in the Tripartite Treaty?
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the British,
Shah Shuja
40)
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh die?
June 27, 1839 AD
41)
Write the name of a famous Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Raja Dhian Singh
42)
What was the name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's External Affairs Minister?
Faqir Aziz-ud-Din
43)
Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself
44)
Write the names of any two famous generals of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Diwan Mohkam Chand Misar Diwan Chand, Sardar Hari Singh Nalw
45)
On the death of which of his general Maharaja Ranjit Singh cried for many days?
Sardar Hari Singh Nalw
46)
What was stored in the Daftar-e-Toshakhana?
Valuables and gifts received by
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
47)
In how many states did Maharaja Ranjit Singh divide his empire?
4 (Lahore, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar)
48)
Who was responsible for the affairs of the State?
Nazim
49)
Who administered the Pargana?
Kardar
50)
Which officers were there to assist Kardar?
Kanugo and Mugqadam
51)
Which was the smallest unit of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's administration?
Village
52)
What was the village called in the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Mauja
53)
Who managed the affairs of the village?
Panchayat
54)
Who kept records of village land?
Patwari
55)
Who helped the government in the collection of land revenue?
Chaudhary
56)
Who was the Chief Officer of Lahore?
Kotwal
57)
What was the main source of income of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Land revenue
58)
How much was the total annual income of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Rs 3 Crore approx.
59)
Write any three land revenue system prevalent in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s
empire.
Kankut, Bigha, Batai, Zabti etc.
60)
In which land revenue sytem, the rate of revenue was fixed before the
harvesting of crop?
Kankut
61)
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh start the tradition of branding horses?
1830 AD
62)
What was the name given to the jagirs given to religious Institutions?
Dharmarth Jagirs
63)
Which was the highest court in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s empire?
Adalat-i-Ala
64)
Where was Adalat-e-Ala located?
Lahore
65)
Who settled disputes in villages?
Panchayat
66)
In which two parts, did Maharaja Ranjit Singh divide his army?
Fauj-e-Ain and Fauj-e-Bekwaid
67)
Whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh appoint to train his army on Europeon lines?
General Ventura
68)
In how many sections was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's artillery divided?
4
69)
What was the main function of Fauj-e-Qilajat?
To protect the forts
70)
By what other name is Maharaja Ranjit Singh known?
Sher-i- Punjab
(Three marks)
Q.1
Write a short note on the financial administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Ans. Land revenue being the main source
of state income. Maharaja ranjit Singh paid special attention to its administration.
Batai, Kankut, Bidding, Bigha and well systems of determining land revenue were
prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Land revenue was collected twice
in the year. The officials who collected revenue were Kardar, Muqaddam,
Patwari, Qanungo and Chaudhary. Land revenue could be paid in cash or in kind
and it was fixed on the basis of fertility of land.
Q.
2 What were the main feature of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s military system?
Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh organised
a vast and powerful army.He recruited the English officer in his army to make
his army stronger. Keeping record of soldier’s identification and putting mark
on horses were started. Factories for manufacturing cannons, gunsand other arms
were established in the state. He personally inspected the army. The soldiers
were given salary in cash or in the form of jagirs.
Q.
3 What was Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s attitude towards his subjects?
Ans. Maharaja ranjit Singh’s behavior
towards his subjects was good. State officials were given instructions that
they should take extra care for the welfare of public. He travelled in disguise
very often to know the real condition of people. Those who violated his orders
were given punishment. The peasants and the poor were given special state facilities.
He gave patronage not only to the Sikhs and Hindu but also Muslims.
Q.4
Write the important function of Kotwal during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Ans. 1. To implement the order of the
Maharaja.
2. To establish law and order in the
city.
3. To look after the cleanliness in
the city.
4. To keep the record of foreigners.
5. To keep a watch on trade and
industries in the city.
Q.
5 What do u know about the local administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Ans. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit
Singh the Subas were further divided into the many Parganas. The administration
of Pargana was under Kardar. The main duties of the Kardar were to keep peace
in his Pargana, to promulgate orders of the Maharaja, to collect revenue, to look
after the public welfare, and to decide the civil and criminal cases. Village
or Mauza was the lowest unit of administration. Its administration was in the
hand of Panchayat.
Q.
6 Write a short note on the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Ans. The Judicial system of Maharaja
Ranjit Singh was simple. Laws were not written. Justice was done on the basis
of existing conventions, customs and sacred scriptures. The final verdict
rested with the Maharaja. In order to give justice to his subjects, Maharaja
Ranjit Singh had set up many courts in his empire. The panchayats settled
dispute in the villages. In towns and cities there were courts of qazis. During
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, punishments were not rigid.
Q.
7 Who was Hari Singh Nalwa?
Ans. Hari Singh Nalwa was greatest
and most fearless general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He took part in most of the
hazardous expedition of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and achieved success in them. He remain
Nazim of Kashmir in 1820-21 AD. And Nazim of Peshawar from 1834 AD to 1837 AD.
While working on these post, he not only created law and order in these regions
but also initiated many reforms. He was killed on April 30, 1837 A.D. fighting
against Afghans at Jamraud. After the death of Hari Singh Nalwa afghan forces
recapture Peshawar.
Q.8
Name the European Generals of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Ans. 1 Jean-Francois Allard 2. Paolo
Di Avitabile 3. Cloude — Auguste
Court. 4. Jean-Baptiste Vanture.
Q.9
What was political situation of Punjab when Ranjit Singh born?
Ans. Ranjit singh was born at
Gujranwala in 1780. That time Mughal empire which had dominated the Indian
subcontinent for centuries was in last stages of terminal decline. A host of
local and regional powers emerged to fill the vacuum.In the south the sultans
of Mysore and the Nizams of Hyderabad carved the independent kingdoms. In
Punjab 12 missal emerged. Maharaja Ranjit Singh capture and win all missal. His
mother-in-law Sada Kaur play big role in his success.
Q.
10 What were the three conditions of the Treaty of Amritsar?
Ans. 1. It provided for perpetual
friendship between the British govt. and the state of Lahore.
2. The state of Lahore bound itself
not to maintain in its territories more troops than were necessary for internal
duties.
3. Any violation of these
stipulations would render the treaty null and void.
4. The treaty was to be signed on
April 25, 1809 .A.D. at Amritsar.
5. The British agreed to have no concern
with the territories and subjects of the Maharaja to the north of River Sutlej.
Each Question contained 6 Marks.
Q.1
Explain the main conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great
conqueror. He was ‘Sardar’ of small Misl of Sukarchakia. But, by the virtue of
his bravery and ability, he changed his state into an empire. A brief account
of the conquests Maharaja Ranjit Singh is given below.
1. Conquests of Lahore 1799 A.D.:- The first and most
significant conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was that of Lahore. Lahore had
been the capital of Punjab for centuries together. At that time three Bhangi
sardars Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh and Chet Singh jointly ruled over it. The
people of Lahore fed up with their oppressive rule, they invited Ranjit Singh
to take control of Lahore. Ranjit Singh took advantage of this opportunity and attacked
Lahore on 6" July 1799 A.D., with the help of his mother -in- law Sada
Kaur. On hearing the news of attack, Bhangi Sardars fled away from the city.
Thus, Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore on 7th July 1799 A.D. the conquest of Lahore
was the first major achievement of Ranjit Singh.
2. Battle of Bhasin 1800 A.D.:- The occupation of
Lahore by Ranjit Singh aroused the jealousies among the leading chief of Punjab.
Under the command of Gulab Singh Bhangi and Niza- Ud-Din joint forces assembled
at Bhasin near Lahore. Unexpectedly on day Gulab Singh Bhangi died of over drinking,
it demoralized their forces and they fled away from the battlefield. In this
way Ranjit Singh secured a victory without shedding a drop of blood.
3. Conquest of Amritsar 1805 A.D.:- The city of Amritsar
was very important for the Sikhs from the religious point of view. In addition,
it was the most famous trade centre of the Punjab. In 1805 A.D. Ranjit Singh
asked Gulab Singh Bhangi’s widow Mai Sukhan, who was ruling over Amritsar on
the name of her miner son ,to hand over the fort of Lohgarh and the famous Zamzama
Gun to him. Mai Sukhan did not concede these demands of Ranjit Singh. So Maharaja
Ranjit Singh at once attacked Amritsar. After some resistance, Mai Sukhan
admitted defeat. Thus, Amritsar came under the control of Ranjit Singh.
4. Conquest of Kangra 1809 A.D.:- in 1809 A.D. the Gokhas
of Nepal besieged the fort of Kangra. The Ruler of Kangra Sansar Chand Katoch
requested Ranjit Singh for help against Gorkhas. He promised to give Ranjit Singh
the fort of Kangra. Ranjit Singh accepted the offer. His army compelled the
Gorkhas to retreat. Now Sansar Chand declined to give the fort to Ranjit Singh.
Ranjit Singh detained Sansar Chand’ son Anurodh. As a result, Sansar Chand had
no option, but to hand over the fort to Ranjit Singh. It occupation added to
the prestige of the Maharaja Ranjit singh.
5. Conquest of Multan 1818 A.D.:- Multan was important
from geographic and economic point of view. Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent six
expedition to Multan. Each time Nawab Muzaffar Khan avoided the army of Ranjit
Singh with a Nazrana. In 1818 MISAR Diwan Chand who was one of the popular
generals of Maharaja was sent to conquer Multan with large army.I|n this fight
Nawab Muzaffar Khan and is five sons were killed and 1818 Misar Diwan Chand
able to conquer Multan. For this victory was bestwed upon the title of Zafar
Jang.
6. Conquest of Kashmir 1809 A.D.:- The valley of Kashmir
has been famous for its beauty, delicious fruits and prosperous trade since
ancient times. Maharaja Ranjit Singh tried to conquer Kashmir two time 1813 and
1814 A.D. but both time failed to achieve desired objects. In 1819 A.D. he sent
huge force under the command of Misar Diwan Chand. He defeated Afghan governor
Jabbar Khan .The conquest of Kashmir added prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
and gave a stunning blow to the Afghan power.
7. Conquest of Peshawar 1834 A.D.:- Peshawar was an important
region the geographical point of view. In his two expedition 1818 AD and 1823
AD he defeated Yar Mohammad and Dost Mohammad but not include Peshawar in his
empire. In 1834 AD Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated Azim Khan in the battle of
Naushera and got control over Peshawar.
After this maharaja Ranjit Singh’s
empire had extended Ladakh in the North, Shikarpur in the south, the river
Sutlej in the East and Peshawar in the West. In this way maharaja Ranjit singh had
established a big empire during his reign.
Question
.2. Briefly describe the five Union Ministers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
1. The Prime Minister- He was the second most important
Prime Minister after the Maharaja. He advised the Maharaja in all political
matters of the state. He looked after all the important departments of the
state. He represented the Maharaja in his absence. He carried out all the
orders of the Maharaja. Raja Dhian Singh held this post for a long time during
the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
2. External Affairs Minister- The post of External
Affairs Minister was also very important during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
He formulated foreign policy. He advised the Maharaja on matters of war and
peace with other powers. He would read out letters from abroad to the Maharaja and
reply to the ordered by the Maharaja. During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit
Singh, Faqir Aziz-ud- Din was the Minister of External Affairs.
3. The Finance Minister- He was one of the important ministers
of the Maharaja and was called the Diwan. His main task was to keep a complete
record of the state's revenue and expenditure. All the papers relating to the
expenses of all the departments etc. were first submitted to the Diwan for
scrutiny. Famous Finance Ministers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were Diwan Bhavani
Das, Diwan Ganga Nath and Diwan Dina Nath.
4. Commander-in-Chief - Maharaja Ranjit Singh was himself the
Commander-in-Chief of his army. During various campaigns, the Maharaja
appointed different men as commanders. Their main task was to lead the army
during the war and maintain discipline in them. Diwan Mohkam Chand, Misr Diwan
Chand and Sardar Hari Singh Nalva were famous generals of Ranjit Singh.
5. Deodhiwala (Doorman) - He took care the Royal
Family. No one could enter the palace without his permission. He also provided guards
for the Maharaja's palace. He also organized processions. The famous doorman of
the house was Khushal Singh in the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Question
3- Wrire a brief note on state administration of Ranjit Singh.
Or
What
was the provincial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
What
was the position of Nazim in the state during the time of Maharaja Ranjit
Singh?
Answer- Maharaja Ranjit Singh divided
into provinces his kingdom to run efficiently. Their names were Suba-e-Lahore,
Suba- e-Multan, Suba-e-Kashmir, Suba-e-Peshawar. The head of a state or
province was called a Nazim (Governer). He was appointed by the Maharaja. He
was the Maharaja's representative in the province. Because this position was
very important. Therefore, the Maharaja appointed only a very reliable, sensible,
honest and experienced person to this post. When a young person was appointed
to this position, very experienced staff were hired to assist him. During the reign
of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Nazim had many powers.
(i) His main function was to maintain
peace and law and order in the province under his control.
(ii) He oversaw the affairs of other
employees of the province.
(iii) He enforced the orders of
Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the province.
(iv) He decided criminal and civil
cases and heard petitions against the decisions of the Kardars.
(v) He assisted the employees in
collecting the land tax.
(vi) He had a small army under him
and at times led small campaigns.
(vii) He used to deposit the fixed
levy in the Central Treasury on time.
(viii) He would also send army to the
Center if required.
(ix) He usually went around his
province to find out if the people were happy with Ranjit Singh.
The Nazim thus had unlimited powers,
but he had to seek the permission of the Maharaja before taking any important
decision concerning the province. In the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Nazim
used to get heavy wages and lived in big palaces with honors.
Question
4- Briefly describe the local management of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer-
1. Administration of Parganas - Each
province was further divided into several parganas. The chief officer of the pargana
was Kardar. Kardar had a direct relationship with the people. He had many
responsibilities. The main functions of the Kardar are to establish peace in
the pargana, to carry out the orders of the Maharaja, to collect taxes, to look
after the interests of the people and to hear civil and criminal cases. Was In
short, the duties of the Kardars were similar to those of today's Deputy Commissioners.
Kanungo and Mukadam were assigned to assist Kardar.
2. Village Administration- The smallest unit of
administration was the village. It was then called mouza. The village was
managed by a panchayat. The panchayat looked after the people of the village and
settled their disputes. People considered the Panchayat as a form of God and
accepted its decisions Patwari kept records of village land. Chaudhry assisted
the government in collecting taxes. Mukadam acted as a link between the
government and the people. In the affairs of the village, Maharaja did not
interfere.
3. Management of Lahore City - The management of
Lahore city during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh than other cities, it was done
differently. The chief officer of the city of Lahore was the Kotwal. Imam
Bakhsh was appointed to this post during Ranjit Singh's reign. The main
functions of the Kotwal were to carry out the orders of the Maharaja, to
maintain peace and order in the city, to oversee the affairs of the
mohalladars, to oversee trade and industry, and to inspect the scales. He whole
city was divided into Mihallas. Each Mohalla was under one mohalladar. The
mohalladar maintained peace and order in his mohalla and maintained cleanliness.
Quetion
5- Critically describe Ranjit Singh's land tax system?
Answer - Historians have expressed
different views on Ranjit Singh land tax system.Some have called it good and
some have condemned it. Both these aspects are
given below:-
Demerits
1. Heavy land tax- Many historians have written that
Ranjit Singh used to collect huge levy from farmers. The Gazetteer of Kapurthala
district states that"Ranjit Singh used to take whatever he could get from
the farmers, would taken away from them. ”
2. Dishonest and greedy officials- farmers had to suffer
all the troubles of dishonest officials. The wages of the Kardars were very
low, so they plundered the poor farmers a lot. They tried to get maximum money
from the farmers in various ways.
Merits
Many writers have strongly criticized
Ranjit Singh's tax system, but othershave written that Ranjit Singh's tax
system was neither oppressive nor sympathetic to the peasantry. ThatThe good aspects of the levy system were as follows:-
1. The welfare of the farmers was taken care of - it is true that the land tax rate was adequate but the economic condition
of the farmers was not bad. Ranjit Singh also gave jobs to the sons of farmers.
If he took something, he would give them so much that he would get the value of
the amount paid.
2. Only the fertile land seems to be taxed more - Ranjit Singh When allocating the tax, the fertility of the land, the
irrigation facilities available to him and the economic condition of those farmers
were also taken into onsideration. Many English historians have described
Ranjit Singh's tax system as valid.
3. Maharaja protected the farmers - Maharaja Ranjit Singh never
treated the farmers harshly.Instead, he was always concerned about the welfare
of the farmers. The Maharaja had a permanent order to the commander-in-chief of
the army not to destroy the standing crops while marching. Anyone who damaged
the crop had to pay compensation to the farmers. The money lenders were also
ordered by the Maharaja not to attach any farmer's goods, livestock, straw and
farming implements to recover the debts. Loans were given to farmers in the
form of takawi. He also provided financial assistance to farmers for
construction of wells.
4. Always ready to improve the levy system - Ranjit Singh was always ready to improve the levy system, so several levy
systems were in vogue during his reign.
Question
6. Briefly describe the military system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer. Maharaja Ranjit Singh started
gathering infantry in 1803 AD. Initially, Sikhs considered it an insult to
enlist in the infantry because they did not consider it good to fight without
horses. First Ranjit Singh recruited Easterners in the infantry then increased the
salaries of the infantry. Gradually Sikhs also started enrolling in it. The
Maharaja began to teach the army the Western style under the French general
Ventura. Ranjit Singh began to recruit regular many battles. By the time of
Ranjit Singh's death, he had a total army of over 80,000. 43% of Ranjit Singh's
income was expenditure on this army.
Question
7 -Describe any three systems of land tax determination by Ranjit Singh.
Answer. During the reign of Ranjit Singh, not a single method was used to collect land tax. Ranjit Singh collected land tax through various methods in his life. These methods also varied according to time, place and condition. But behind all the rules there was a principle that the rule should be equal for all. The three main methods were given below:-
(A) Batai system - Ranjit Singh initially adopted the
batai system for land tax collection. According to this system, the government revenue
officers would reach out to the farmers when each crop was ready and sift the
grain piles with a wooden cap and the government share would be deposited in the
Kardar warehouse. There were many shortcomings and difficulties in this system.
Plowing the farmer's grain was a daunting task. Besides, unless the Bohal was distributed,
it would remain lying outside, due to which the farmers were always afraid of
stealing the bohal. In addition, the government and the farmers needed to
appoint watchmen to protect Bohal. The cost of those watchmen fell on the poor
peasants. Due to these allegations, Ranjit Singh shut down the system in 1823
AD.
(B) Kankut system- Due to shortcomings of Batai system,
Ranjit Singh introduced the Kankut system in 1824 AD instead of the Batai system.
Through this system, the government would estimate the total yield from
standing crops and take its share in harvesting. This system was better than
the first one as it was less costly and the farmers did not have to protect
their crops and there was no fear of rain water.
(C) Bidding system - In 1834 AD, Ranjit Singh introduced
bidding system especially in the border provinces. According to this system, bids
were placed on a group of farms and the highest bidder was given the right to
collect levy from the intended areas. The winner of the bid had to submit the
intention tax to the exchequer.
Question
8- Briefly describe the Judiciary system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer. There was no written law in
the time of Ranjit Singh. Judgment was based on the customs and beliefs of the
people.
(1). Ranjit Singh was a just ruler - Ranjit Singh was a
very fair king. He himself visited the country and listened to the pleas of the
people. The governor whose decisions received many appeals was reprimanded. He
set up courts himself.
(2). Adalat-E-Ala- The court was second only to the
Maharaja, which was in Lahore and heard appeals against the courts of the state
courts. If the people here were not satisfied, appeals were made to the
Maharaja.
(3). Court Secretariats - There were court courts
in major cities like Peshawar and Amritsar. They heard
(4). Court of Nazim (State Governer) - Appeals against the Kardars
(district Administerator) were heard in the court of the Nazim of each
province. The Nazim also ruled in the province's civil and criminal cases.
(5). Court of Kardar - There was a court of Kardar in the parganas
(districts), where both civil and criminal cases heard.
