Chapter-3 Jainism and Buddhism
1)
Name the mightiest empire of 6 century BC?
Magadha
2)
Who is the considered the real founder of Jainism?
Mahavira
3)
What is the guru (teacher) in Jainism called?
Tirthankara
4)
Who was the first Tirthankara of Jainism?
Rishabnath
5)
Who was the 23"? Tirthankara of Jainism?
Parshavanath
6)
Swami Mahavira was on which number in Jain Tirthankaras?
24th
7)
By what name is Mahavira’s Sanyas Style known as?
Nirgranth
8)
What is meant by Nirgranth?
Free of bonds
9)
When was Mahavira born?
In 599 BC
10)
Where was Mahavira born?
Vaishali, near Kundagram in Bihar
11)
What was the initial name of Mahavira?
Vardhman
12)
What was Mahavira’s father name?
Sidhartha
13)
What was Mahavira’s mother name?
Trishla
14)
Mahavira’s father was the head of which tribe?
Jantrika
15)
What was the name of Mahavira’s wife?
Yashoda
16)
What was the name of Mahavira’s daughter?
Priyadarshna (Anoja)
17)
At what age did Mahavira abandoned his home in the search of true knowledge?
30 years
18)
From whom did Mahavira seek the permission to leave the family?
Nandi Varman (Brother)
19)
At what age Mahavira got enlightment?
42 years
20)
At the bank of which river, did Mahavira got enlightment?
River Rijupalika
21)
Where did Mahavira got enlightment?
Grimthik Grama
22)
What is meant by Varhdhmana Jinn?
Conquerer of senses
23)
What does Mahavira mean?
Great conquerer
24)
Name the famous centers of preaching of Mahavira?
Rajagriha, Vaishali, Koshal, Videh,
Anga
25)
For how many years did Mahavira preach the people?
30 years
23)
When did Mahavira got salvation?
In 527 BC
27)
Where did Mahavira got salvation?
Village Pawapuri
28)
What is the modern name of Pawapuri?
Patna
29)
Approximately how many people followed Mahavira during his life time?
approx. 14000
31)
What were Tri-Rantas, preached by Mahavir?
Right faith, Right knowledge, Right conduct
32)
According to Jainism, an individual should follow how many Anuvartas?
5
33)
What is the purpose of human life according to Jainism?
To attain salvation
34)
During whose rule, Jainism was divided into two sects?
Chandra Gupta Maurya
35)
Name the two sects of Jainism.
Digambara & Swetambra
36)
What was the cause of split of Jainism?
Famine in Magadha
37)
Who was the head of Digambara sect?
Bhadara Bahu
38)
What colour clothes did Dagambara’s Bhikshus wear?
They wear no clothes
39)
Who was the head of Swetambara sect?
Sathool Bhadara
40)
What colour clothes did Swetambara’s Bhikshu’s wear?
White colour clothes
41)
What was the chief language used in Jainism?
Prakrit
42)
Where was Mahatma Buddha born?
In Kapilvastu, Near Lumbini
43)
When was Mahatma Buddha born?
In 567 BC
44)
What was Buddha’s father name?
Shudodhana
45)
What was Buddha’s mother name?
Mahamaya
46)
Buddha’s father was the head of which republic?
Shakya
47)
What was the name of Shakya’s capital?
Kapilvastu
48)
At the time of birth of Buddha, who predicted that this child will emerge as a great
ruler of great religious figure?
Ashit
49)
What was the initial name of Buddha?
Sidhartha
50)
How much was Buddha’s age, when his mother died?
7 days
51)
Who nurtured Buddha?
Prajapati Gautami
52)
What was Buddha’s wife name?
Yashodra
53)
What was the name of Buddha’s son?
Rahul
54)
What does Rahul mean?
Bond (Tie)
55)
At what age Buddha renounced his home in the search of truth?
29 years
56)
Where did Buddha attain the enlightment?
At Bodh Gaya
57)
Under which tree did Buddha got enlightend?
Peepal Tree
58)
By what name, the tree under which Buddha attained enlightment is known?
Mahabodhi tree
59)
What was Buddha’s age when attained the enlightment?
35
60)
Where did Buddha delivered his first sermon?
Banaras, Near Sarnath
61)
To whom did Buddha preach first of all?
To his five companions
62)
When did Buddha got salvation?
In 487 BC
63)
Where did Budda got salvation?
At Kushinagar
64)
By what name is the incident of Buddha’s salvation known? Mahaparinirvana
65)
In which language, did Buddha preached the people?
Pali
66)
What is the basis of Buddha’s teaching?
Four great truths
67)
Which way was recommended by Buddha to his followers?
Ashta Marga
68)
By which another name is Ashta Marga known?
Madhya Marga
69)
Who established Buddhist Sangha?
Mahatma Buddha
70)
What was the minimum age required to get the membership of Buddhist Sangha?
15 year
71)
An individual was required to wear which colour clothes at the time of joining
Buddhist Sangha?
yellow/saffron
72)
How many rules the members of Buddhist Sangha had to follow?
10
73)
How many years did Buddhist Bhikshu who joined Buddhist 10
Sangha, had to spend in learning?
74)
How did the members of Buddhist Sangha make their living?
By begging
75)
After the death of Buddha, in which sects was Buddhism divided?
Hinayana, Mahayana
76)
During whose rule, split in Buddhism took place?
Kanishaka
77)
Famous Buddhist Bhikshu Nagarjuna was associated with which of the Buddhist
sect?
Mahayana
78)
With which ruler did Nagarjuana had a debate/ dialogue?
Minander or Milinda
79)
Name a famous ruler of India who gave patronage to Hinayana sect of Buddhism?
Ashoka
80)
Mahavibhasha is associated with which Buddhist sect?
Hinayana
81)
Which sect of Buddhism is considered the biggest cause of decline of Buddhism?
Vajrayana
82)
What was the worship style of Vajrayana known as?
Tantrik
83)
Where was the most famous Vihara of Vajrayana situated?
Vikramsila in Bihar
84)
Name the Huna ruler who killed thousands of Buddhists?
Mihirkul
85)
Name the ruler of Sunga dynasty, who was enemy of Buddhism?
Pushyamitra Sunga
(3 Marks Questions/ Answers)
1.
Why Magadha became so powerful during the period of Ajatsatru?
Ans:
I. The geographical location of
Magadha was favourable.
II. It had availability of iron.
III. The land of Magadha was fertile.
IV. Ajatsatru himself was a great
warrior.
V. Magadha had a strong army.
2.
Why socio-religious movements were started in Ancient period?
Ans:
I. Hinduism had become very complex.
II. Caste system was rigid.
III. Lower caste people were treated
badly.
IV. Sanskrit was difficult to
understand.
V. Priests were corrupt and selfish.
VI. Yajnas and rituals were very
costly.
3.
What is meant by a Tirthankar? What do you know about Jain Tirthankars?
Ans: The teacher or preacher in
Jainism is known as Tirthankar. There were 24 Tirthankars in Jainism. The first
Tirthankar was Rishab Dev and the 23 was Parshav Nath. Lord Mahavira was 24th
Tirthankar but he is considered as the real founder of Jainism.
4.
Who was Parshavnath? Write about his teachings.
Ans: Parshavnath
was 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism. His teachings are given below:
I. Don’t harm the living beings.
II. Never lie.
III. Don’t accept anything without
paying for it.
IV. Stay away from greed of worldly
things.
5.
What do you know about the life of Lord Mahavira?
Ans: Lord Mahavira was born in
Vaishali near Kundgram. His childhood name was Vardhman. His father name was
Sidharth and Mother Name was Trishala. He was married to Yashodha. He abandoned
his house at the age of 30. After 12 years of penance, he got divine knowledge
called Kaivalya Gyana. He travelled far and wide to preach the people. He got
Nirvana at Pavapuri in 527 B.C.
6.
What do you understand by Tri Ratnas?
Ans: Lord Mahavira preached his
disciples to practice Tri Ratnas. These Tri Ratnas include;
Right Faith: Every Jain should have complete faith in 24 Tirthankars.
Right Knowledge: Every Jain should get right knowledge from Tirthankaras.
Right Behaviour: People should follow the path of truth and ahimsa.
7.
What was the place of Ahimsa in Jaina’s way of life?
Ans: Ahimsa was the base of Jainism.
According to Jainism, every Jain should follow the path of Ahimsa. Jains
believed that trees and stones also have life. So they used to walk with naked
feet. They used to drink water after sieving. They did not take food after sun
set.
9.
Name five Anuvartas, which Lord Mahavira prescribed for Jain Monks.
Ans:
I. Always speak the truth.
II. | Follow ahimsa.
III. Don’t possess anything exept the
things received as alms.
IV. Don’t posses money.
V. Follow the way of Brahamcharin.
10.
Which social evils were condemned by Lord Mahavira?
Ans:
I. Lord Mahavira opposed Yajnas,
sacrifices and rites.
II. | He opposed idol worship and
caste system.
III. | He did not have faith in Vedas
and Sanskrit.
IV. He opposed orthodox values and
rituals.
11.
Write short note on Digambar Sect of Jainism.
Ans:
I. Digambars didn’t wear clothes.
II. They believed that women cannot
get Nirvana till they are reborn as man.
III. They didn’t allow women to be
the part of their sect.
IV. They believed that Mahavira
didn’t get marriage.
V. They have their own religious
literature.
12.
Write short note on Shavetambar Sect of Jainism.
Ans:
I. Shavetambars wore white clothes.
II. They believed that women can also
get Nirvana.
III. They allowed women to be the
part of their sect.
IV. They believed that Mahavira got
married.
V. They have their own religious
literature.
13.
Why Jainism could not become so famous.
Ans:
I. Jains didn’t make efforts to
preach their religion.
II. They didn’t get royal patronage
like Budhists.
III. It was very difficult for common
folks to follow hard penance and ahimsa.
IV. Their rules were difficult as
compared to Budhism.
V. Later on, a number of Jainas
adopted Hinduism.
14.
Write short note on Jain Sangha.
Ans:
I. Jain Sangha was established by
Lord Mahavir.
II. Every monk was required to get
permission of his parents to join Sangha.
III. He had to lead a very
disciplined life.
IV. He had to preach the Jainism
throughout the year except the rainy season.
V. The head of the Sangha was called
Acharya.
VI. Women had different Sangha.
15.
What do you known about the life of Mahatma Budha.
Ans: The real name of Mahatama Budha
was Gautam. He was born in Lumbini in 567 B.C. His mother was Mahamaya and
father was Shudodhan. He got married to Yashodhra. He abandoned his family at
the age of 29. He got enlightment at Bodhgaya at the age of 35. He spent next
45 years of his life in preaching Buddhism. Magadha, Kaushal, Koshambhi and Kapilvastu
were his famous seats of preaching. Budha left this world in 487 BC at Kushinagar.
16.
How four scenes changed the life of Buddha?
Ans: The real name of Budha was
Sidhartha and he was a royal prince. One day Sidhartha, along with his chertier
Chan went out of his palace. At the way he saw an old man, one patient, one
pyre and one hermit. These four scenes are known as four Great Scenes. These scenes
left a great impression on the life of Buddha. He decided to abandon his house
and find the remedy of sorrow of man.
17.
What is meant by Dharamchakraparivartan?
Ans: After the enlightment, Budha
reached at Sarnath near Varanasi. Here he preached his first Sermon to his old
friends. These five friends became his first five disciples. He told them about
four Noble Truths and Ashtha Maraga. This incident is known as DharamaChakraParivartan.
18.
Write about four noble truths of Budhism.
Ans:
I. This world the home of sorrows.
II. Desires are the cause of sorrow.
III. Sorrows can be curbed by curbing
desires.
IV. To curb the desires, one needs to
follow the Ashta Maraga.
19.
Write short note on teachings of Mahatma Budha.
Ans:
I. Budha believe in Four Nobel Truths
and Ashta Maraga.
II. He also believed in Rebirth,
Karma Theory, Ahimsa and Brotherhood.
III. He preached his disciples to
follow simple and pious life.
IV. He condemned caste system,
Yajnas, Vedas, Sacrifice etc.
V. He was quiet about the existence
of God.
20.
What was Karma Theory in Budhism?
Ans: Buddha believed that every human
gets the result of his deeds. Whatever a person does in life, had to face the
same consequences in following birth. Man is facing the result of his previous
life’s deeds in present life. Present deeds will bring result in following
life. Man’s deed will follow him like his shadow.
21.
What were Buddha’s views about moral values?
Ans: Buddha put great stress on moral
values. According to him, religion without moral values is useless. He preached the people to follow the following principles:
I. Always speak the truth.
II. Never stole
III. Stay away from intoxication
IV. Stay away from female
V. Stay away from luxurious life
VI. Don’t have interest in dance and singing
VII. Avoid money
VII. Don’t use perfumes
IX. Never lie
X. Don’t trouble others
22.
What is Nirvana in Buddhism?
Ans: According to Buddhism, Nirvana
is the chief aim of human life. Nirvana means to get freedom from the cycle of
birth and death. It provides happiness and peace to human and vanish his
sorrows. In other religions, one can get the Nirvana after death but in
Buddhism it can be achieved even one is alive.
23.
Write short note on Hinayana Sect of Buddhism?
Ans:
I. They didn’t want any change in
original teachings of Buddha.
II. They were against idol worship.
III. They didn’t believe in
Bodhisatvas.
IV. They preached in Pali Language.
V. They have their own scriptures.
24.
Write short note on Mahayana Sect of Buddhism?
Ans:
I. They made changes in the teaching
of Budha as per the need of the time.
II. They believed in idol worship and
Bodhisatvas.
III. They believed in faith more than
everything else.
IV. They preached in Sanskrit
language.
V. They have their own scriptures.
25.
What were the causes of decline of Buddhism?
Ans:
I. Buddhism became complex after
passage of time.
II. Bodhi Sangha became the center of
corruption.
III. | Monks turned characterless.
IV. People who were converted from
Hinduism returned to it.
V. After the death of Budha, Buddhism
was divided into many sacts.
VI. Royal patronage stopped after the
emergence of Hindu rule
Six Marks Questions
Q-1.
What were the reasons for the power of the kingdom of Magadha in the time of
Ajatashatru?
Answer-
1) The geographical position
of the kingdom of Magadha was the main reason for its power.
2) There were huge reserves of iron
ore in this state from which the best types of weapons were made. This made
Magadha's army stronger.
3) The land of Magadha was very fertile.
The means of irrigation were plentiful, so the crops were plentiful. It also
developed the trade of the kingdom of Magadha and greatly increased the wealth
of the kingdom.
4) Ajatshatru himself was a brave
warrior. But he was a religiously tolerant ruler.
5) The mighty army of Magadha not
only defended the borders of Magadha but also extended the boundaries of
Magadha which increased the splendor of the kingdom of Magadha.
Question
2. What were the reasons for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in India?
Answer-The following are the reasons
for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in India in the sixth century BC.
1) Political Situation - In the 6th century BC,
Magadha was a powerful kingdom in northern India. Its rulers patronized Jainism
and Buddhism as a result, these religions flourished.
2) Complexity in Hinduism - In the Rig Vedic period
Hinduism was simple but with the passage of time it became complicated and it
became dominated by superstitions and rituals. The common people were unhappy
with this so they started adopting Jainism and Buddhism.
3) Caste system - In the sixth century BC, the caste system had taken a very strict form in Hinduism in India. The Shudras were treated badly by the upper castes. In such a situation the Shudras were ready to give up Hinduism. The doctrine of mutual brotherhood between Jainism and Buddhism attracted this class.
4) Moral Decline of Brahmins - In the Vedic period the life of Brahmins was ideal. But over time they became
corrupt and greedy. They converted the sacred Hindu religion into an expensive
religion. So people wanted to get rid of this religion.
5) Difficult Language - In the sixth century
BC, Sanskrit was considered sacred but it was a very difficult language which
was beyond the comprehension of the common people. Due to which people were
unable to read the sacred texts of Hinduism. Therefore, for every religious activity,
they had to depend on the priests who interpreted the Hindu scriptures as they
wished.
6) Birth of great men - Mahavir Jain and
Mahatma Buddha were born in the 6th century BC who showed a new way to humanity
wandering in the dark. Impressed by their simple teachings, a large number of
people Became followers of them.
Question-3.
What do you know about the life of Swami Mahavir Ji?
Answer-
1. Mahavir Ji's Birth and Childhood - Mahavir Ji was born in 599 BC at Kundagram near Vaishali. Mahavir Ji's
childhood name was Vardhman. Mother's name was Tishla.
2. Marriage - Mahavir ji had no love
for worldly things. So Mahavir ji's father married him to the beautiful princess
Yashoda. Sometime later a daughter was born in his house whose name was Priya
Darshana. .
3. Great Sacrifice and Acquisition of Knowledge - Even domestic life could not stop Mahavir Ji from attaining the truth.
After years of hard penance, only knowledge (supreme truth) was attained at the
village of Jarmithik near the river Rijupalika. Mahavir was 42 years old at the
time.
4. Dharam Prachar - After acquiring Gyan,
Mahavir Ji went out only to spread Gyan among the people. Impressed by his
teachings, many people became followers of Mahavir ji.
5. Nirvana - At the age of 72, at
Pava (Patna) in 527 BC, Mahavir Ji attained Nirvana (Salvation).
Question-4.
Tell us about the teachings of Mahavir ji?
Answer-
1. Tri Ratna - According to Swami
Mahavir Ji, in order to attain Nirvana, a human being should walk on three
gems. First Ratan Sacha Acharan means a human being should always lead a pious
life. The second gem is Sacha Gyan i.e. acquiring Sacha Gyan from the teachings
given by the Tirthankars. The third gem is true conduct, i.e. a human being should
always lead a pious life.
2. Non-Violence - Non-violence is very
important in Jainism. Non-violence means not bothering any living thing.
3. Strict penance - According to Jainism, a
person can attain Nirvana only with rigorous penance.
4. Five Anuvarat - According to Jainism, a
human being should follow the Panj Anuvarat in his life. A human being should
always speak the truth, follow the policy of non-violence, keep only the things
received in charity, do not keep money, and follow celibacy.
5. Belief in Karam Sidhant - According to Swami Mahavir Ji, a human being will get the same kind of
reward as he does. Only through good deeds can a human being get rid of the
cycle of rebirth.
6. Nirvana - Jainism does not
believe in the existence of God but considers the human soul to be powerful.
According to Jainism, the purpose of a human being's life is to achieve Nirvana
means to be free from the cycle of birth and death in the world.
Question-5.
What do you know about the life of Mahatma Buddha?
Answer-
1. BIRTH AND MARRIAGE - Mahatma Buddha was born
in Lumbini near Kapilavastu in 567 BC. His mother's name was Mahamaya and his
father's name was Shudhodhan who was the head of the Shakya Republic (in
Nepal). His childhood name was Siddharth. Mahatma Buddha was of serious nature
from his childhood. Mahatma Buddha was married to Princess Yashodhara at the
age of 16. A son was born to him named Rahul.
2. Great Sacrifice and Acquisition of Knowledge - Even domestic life could not attract Mahatma Buddha Ji to worldly
affairs. So Mahatma Buddha Ji left home (which is called the Great Sacrifice)
at the age of 29 to attain the highest wisdom. Mahatma Buddha Ji attained the highest
wisdom at Bodh Gaya at the age of 35 years.
3. Dharam Prachar - After attaining enlightenment,
Mahatma Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath to his five old companions and
they became followers of Buddha. This event is called Dharam Chakra Parivartan.
Mahatma Buddha preached at places like Magadha, Kaushal, Koshabi, Vaishali and
Kapilvastu.
4. Mahaparinirvana - Mahatma Buddha gave up
his body at Kushinagar in 487 BC, which is called Mahaparinirvana.
Question
6. Tell us about the teachings of Mahatma Buddha?
Answer-
1) Four Great Truths - According to Mahatma
Buddha there are four great truths in the world. (a) The world is the abode of
sorrows (b) The cause of sorrows is man's desires (c) By giving up these
desires man's sorrows can be removed (c) These desires can be ended by walking
on Asht Marg.
2) Asht Marg - Mahatma Buddha Ji taught
his followers to walk on Asht Marg. Asht Marg is the path between hard penance
and indulgence. Principles of Asht Marg - True Deeds, True Thoughts, True
Faith, True Living, True Word, True Effort, True Meditation, True Smadhi.
3) Karam Sidhant - According to Mahatma
Buddha, a human being will get the same reward as he does his deeds.
4) Emphasis on Ethics - According to Mahatma
Buddha, ethics is very important for a human being. Without it, religion is
just an hypocrisy.
5) Message of Mutual Brotherhood - Mahatma Buddha gave the message of
Mutual Brotherhood in the society by
involving people of all classes and castes in Buddhism.
6) Opposition to the caste system - Mahatma Buddha opposed the caste system prevalent in Hinduism.
7) Nirvana - According to Mahatma Buddha, the goal of a human being's life is to achieve Nirvana. That means to be free from the cycle of birth and death in the world. Mahatma Buddha calls it bliss, happiness and peace.
Question-
7. What were the reasons for the rapid spread of Buddhism?
Answer:
1) Favorable Times - In the sixth century
BC, Hinduism was riddled with innumerable rituals, sacrifices, Yagyas and caste
discrimination which made the common people very annoyed. So they converted to Buddhism.
2) Simple Language - Mahatma Buddha gave
his sermons in Pali language. This language was the language of the common
people, with which people could easily understand the teachings of Mahatma
Buddha.
3) Personality of Mahatma Buddha - Mahatma Buddha was a living example of humility, renunciation,
truthfulness, purity, and benevolence.
According
to Dr. S N Sen, “magnetic personality
of Buddha had a profound effect on people's minds."
4) Doctrine of Equality - Mahatma Buddha preached
equality. According to the Buddha, only the deeds of a human being tell him to
be a Brahmin or a Shudra. All human beings are equal on the basis of birth.
This idea made Buddhism more popular among the people. Made.
5) Buddhist Universities - Universities like
Takshila, Gaya, and Nalanda have contributed a lot in the propagation of
Buddhism. Many students from home and abroad used to come to these universities
every year to study. When they went to their home countries or places after
studies, they also took the teachings of Buddhism with them. With this, Buddhism
spread rapidly in the country and abroad.
6) Imperial Patronage - Buddhism received a lot
of support from the Indian rulers. Through their untiring efforts, rulers like
Ashoka, Kanishka and Harshavardhana spread Buddhism not only in India but also
in abroad.
Question
8. What were the reasons for the decline of Buddhism in India?
Ans-
1) Complexity of Buddhism - Initially the teachings
of Buddhism were simple. But with the passage of time, in this religion pomp,
rituals and superstitions became prevalent. As a result, people began to turn
away from this religion.
2) Corruption in Buddhist Associations - Initially, Buddhist Associations made significant contributions to the spread
of Buddhism. The lives of Buddhist monks and nuns were very pious. But later
these monks and nuns started abusing the money received from political
patronage and became lustful which led to the downfall of Buddhism.
3) Division in Buddhism - After the attainment of
Nirvana by Mahatma Buddha, Buddhism was divided into Mahayana, Hinayana and Vajrayana.
Due to their quarrels, the reputation of Buddhism was severely damaged.
4) End of Political Patronage - Maharaja Ashoka, Kanishka and Harshavardhana gave Buddhism their patronage
and spread it not only in India but also abroad. But later Gupta and Rajput
rulers gave their patronage to Hinduism, which led to the decline of Buddhism.
5) Restoration of Hinduism - Kumaril Bhatt and Shankaracharya, through their special efforts, removed
the evils from Hinduism and restored its old glory. As a result, the influence
of Buddhism began to wane.
6) Rule of Pushyamitra - After the fall of the
Maurya dynasty, Pushyamitra laid the foundation of the Shung dynasty. He was a
staunch opponent of Buddhism. His persecution led to the downfall of Buddhism.
